How does pollution affect fertility rates in India?

Pollution, especially air pollution and exposure to harmful chemicals, has been linked to potential impacts on fertility rates in India. Several studies have suggested that high levels of air pollutants, like particulate matter (PM2.5 to PM10), nitrogen oxides, and sulphur dioxide, can adversely affect reproductive health and fertility. These pollutants can contribute to oxidative stress, hormonal imbalances, and reduced sperm quality in men, as well as increased risk of miscarriages, preterm births, and birth defects in women.