How do modern medical advancements affect male and female fertility?

Modern medical advancements, such as assisted reproductive technologies, have significantly impacted male and female fertility. Techniques like in vitro fertilisation (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and preimplantation genetic testing have helped couples overcome various infertility challenges. Additionally, advancements in hormone therapies, surgical procedures, and diagnostic tools have improved the understanding and treatment of infertility in both genders.